Derivation

One step after another

By the framework here, all linguistic structures are built by a process, known as derivation – as opposed to stringing the sounds together from left to right to form words and stringing words together, again from left to right to form, sentences. The look of print gives a false impression. By virtue of how things work in the vocal tract and the hearing mechanism and the way information is absorbed by the brain, there has to be a strict linearity of speech or signing. But this is separate from the sequencing of derivation, which is partly determined by degrees of markedness.

The mathematical term, derivation, and its application to linguistic structures come fromWilliam Holder (1669) who first explained the idea to the Royal Society, seemingly with Isaac Newton in the audience. They were both founder fellows. Holder was the first person to apply scientific thinking to speech as a faculty, varying slightly from one language to another (he was thinking of French), with not just words, but possible words, and to the special problems of severe hearing loss. Holder was thinking of the different ways that the gesture or feature of nasality can be realised in French, as in the word non (no), as an open mouth consonant in the first segment and as a property of the vowel after the vowel in the unpronounced ‘coda’. This terminology did not exist at the time. He was thinking three centuries ahead of his time.

Holder had a mathematical background. He had previously tutored Christopher Wren.

The notion of derivation became crucial in the work of Noam Chomsky from 1957. Like Holder, Chomsky had a strong mathematical background. But Chomsky took the idea a great deal further. First applying the idea to syntax, Chomsky proposed that sentences were built from phrases of different sorts, assembled together in two sorts of way. Then with Morris Halle in 1968 he applied to same thinking to phonology, proposing that the speech sounds are built from more elementary features (including nasality), and that words are built in cycles on the same basis.

The simplest, least stipulative account of English word stress is by derivation.

But the derivational approach is still current both in the analysis  of stress patterns and in syntax.

There is strong evidence of the force of a derivational approach in the way children say words of more than one syllable – almost from the start. When children say little and bottle they standardly keep something of the final syllable, even if it is seldom pronounced correctly. Banana is standardly said as BANA or NANA. And America is standardly said with the first sylllable left unpronounced in pronunciations as MERICA, rather than with the last syllable unpronounced as AMERIC.

Derivation as an event in the mind

Although the derivation is a psychologically-real event, it is separate from time by the utterance. So the derivational relation cannot be represented in the same dimension as the linear sequence of speech. It is most easily represented vertically as a tree diagram or by bracketing or as shown above as slabs, with the lowermost representing the first step in the derivation, and the uppermost representing what is spoken. But whatever the notation, each step in the derivation involves the projection of a property or feature from one level to a higher level.